Cirurgia Guiada para Instalação de Implantes em Paciente Submetido à Radioterapia em Região de Cabeça e Pescoço / Guided Surgery for Implant Surgery in a Patient Undergoing Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Region / Cirugía Guiada para la Colocación de Implantes en Pacientes Sometidos a Radioterapia en la Región de la Cabeza y el Cuello

Introdução: O uso dos implantes osseointegrados para reabilitação de pacientes com dificuldade de adaptação de próteses convencionais mostra-se mais frequente a cada dia. Um grande grupo candidato à reabilitação com essa modalidade são os pacientes tratados para as neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço (CP). A irradiação na região de CP pode ser limitante para a instalação de implantes, porém a literatura apresenta evidências de técnicas e planejamentos favoráveis ao procedimento nesse grupo de pacientes. As técnicas menos traumáticas para intervenções na cavidade oral devem ser avaliadas, e os guias cirúrgicos para colocação de implantes podem ser aliados nesses procedimentos. Relato do caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, 64 anos, tratada com cirurgia, quimioterapia e radioterapia em cavidade oral para um carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) em língua e, em um segundo momento, diagnosticada e tratada com cirurgia para CEC em região de rebordo alveolar maxilar esquerdo por meio de hemipalatecmia, necessitava de reabilitação com implantes osseointegrados na região onde havia sido tratada com radiação primariamente. Realizou-se a cirurgia de colocação dos implantes com a tecnologia guiada para acarretar o mínimo trauma às estruturas bucais. Conclusão: O procedimento cirúrgico foi executado com sucesso. Atualmente, aguarda-se o período de osseointegração para a posterior reabilitação protética

Introduction: The use of osseointegrated implants for the rehabilitation of patients with difficulty fitting conventional prostheses is becoming more frequent every day. A great eligible group for rehabilitation with this modality are patients treated for head and neck cancer (HNC). Irradiation in the region of HN may be limiting for implants, but there are evidences in the literature of techniques and planning favorable to the procedure in this group of patients. Less traumatic techniques for interventions in the oral cavity should be evaluated, and surgical guides for implant placement may be allies in these procedures. Case report: A 64-year-old female patient, treated with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the oral cavity for a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the tongue and, in a second moment, diagnosed and treated with surgery for SCC in the region of the left maxillary alveolar ridge by means of hemipalatectomy, needed rehabilitation with osseointegrated implants in the region where she had been primarily treated with radiation. The implant placement surgery was then planned and performed using guided technology so that minimal trauma to the oral structures could occur. Conclusion: The surgical procedure was successfully performed, and the patient is now waiting for the osseointegration period for posterior prosthetic rehabilitation

Introducción: El uso de implantes osteointegrados para la rehabilitación de pacientes con dificultades de adaptación de las prótesis convencionales es cada vez más frecuente. Un gran grupo de candidatos a la rehabilitación con esta modalidad son los pacientes tratados por neoplasias de cabeza y cuello (CC). La irradiación en la región del CC puede ser limitante para la instalación del implante, sin embargo, la literatura presenta evidencias de técnicas y planificación favorables al procedimiento en este grupo de pacientes. Deben evaluarse técnicas menos traumáticas para las intervenciones en la cavidad oral, y las guías quirúrgicas para la colocación de implantes pueden ser un aliado en estos procedimientos. Caso clínico: Paciente de 64 años, mujer, tratada con cirugía, quimioterapia y radioterapia en la cavidad oral por un carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) en la lengua y en un segundo momento diagnosticada y tratada con cirugía por CCE en la región de la cresta alveolar maxilar izquierda mediante hemipalatectomía, necesitó rehabilitación con implantes osteointegrados en la región donde había sido tratada principalmente con radiación. La cirugía de colocación de implantes se realizó con tecnología guiada para causar el menor traumatismo en las estructuras orales. Conclusión: La intervención quirúrgica se llevó a cabo con éxito. Actualmente se espera el periodo de osteointegración para la posterior rehabilitación protésica

Effects of radical radiotherapy combined with different regimens of chemotherapy on radiation intestinal injury in patients with non-metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the effects of radical radiotherapy combined with different chemotherapy regimens (fluorouracil-based versus docetaxel plus cisplatin) on the incidence of radiation intestinal injury and the prognosis in patients with non-metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to recruit non-metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma patients who underwent chemoradiotherapy in the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and Nanfang Hospital from July 2013 to January 2021. Inclusion criteria: (1) newly diagnosed anal and perianal squamous cell carcinoma; (2) completed radical radiotherapy combined with concurrent chemotherapy; (3) tumor could be evaluated before radiotherapy. Exclusion criteria: (1) no imaging evaluation before treatment, or the tumor stage could not be determined; (2) patients undergoing local or radical resection before radiotherapy; (3) distant metastasis occurred before or during treatment; (4) recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma. A total of 55 patients (48 from the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and 7 from Nanfang Hospital) were given fluorouracil (the 5-FU group, n=34) or docetaxel combined with the cisplatin (the TP group, n=21). The evaluation of radiation intestinal injury, hematological toxicity and 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate were compared between the two groups. The effects of chemotherapy regimen and other clinicopathological factors on the incidence and severity of acute and chronic radiation intestinal injury were analyzed. The assessment of radiation intestinal injury was based on the American Cancer Radiotherapy Cooperation Group (RTOG) criteria. Results: During radiotherapy and within 3 months after radiotherapy, a total of 45 patients developed acute radiation intestinal injury, including 18 cases of grade 1 (32.7%), 22 cases of grade 2 (40.0%) and 5 cases of grade 3 (9.1%). No patient developed chronic radiation intestinal injury. Among the 34 patients in the 5-FU group, 21 had grade 2-3 radiation intestinal injury (21/34, 61.8%), which was significantly higher than that in the TP group (6/21, 28.6%) (χ(2)=5.723, P=0.017). Multivariate analysis showed that 5-FU chemotherapy regimen was an independent risk factor for radiation intestinal injury (HR=4.038, 95% CI: 1.250-13.045, P=0.020). With a median follow-up period of 26 (5-94) months, the 3-year DFS rate of patients in TP group and 5-FU group was 66.8% and 77.9%, respectively, whose difference was not significant (P=0.478). Univariate analysis showed that the DFS rate was associated with sex, age, tumor location, T stage, N stage, and induction chemotherapy (all P<0.05), while the DFS rate was not associated with chemotherapy regimen or radiation intestinal injury (both P>0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that age ≥ 50 years old was an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis of patients (HR=8.301, 95% CI: 1.130-60.996, P=0.038). Conclusions: For patients with non-metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma, radical radiotherapy combined with TP chemotherapy regimen can significantly reduce the incidence of radiation intestinal injury as compared to 5-FU regimen. However, due to the short follow-up time, the effect of different chemotherapy regimens on the prognosis is not yet clear.

Metástasis cervical con primario desconocido, cambios en los paradigmas: revisión sobre el enfrentamiento clínico, estudio y tratamiento / Cervical metastases from unknown primary tumor, paradigm changes: review on clinical confrontation, study and treatment

Resumen En adultos, una masa cervical detectada mediante examen físico o un estudio de imagen puede ser la única manifestación de un cáncer proveniente de cabeza y cuello. Un retraso en el diagnóstico repercute en el pronóstico de la enfermedad, por lo que debe haber un alto índice de sospecha. Las metástasis cervicales con primario desconocido (MCCPD) son tumores metastásicos en los que el estudio diagnóstico no logró identificar el sitio primario del cáncer, con una histología predominantemente de tipo escamosa. Según algunos estudios, el origen más frecuente resultó ser la orofaringe, incluyendo amígdala palatina y base de lengua. Factores de riesgo conocidos son edades avanzadas, consumo de tabaco y de alcohol. Actualmente, la infección por el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) está teniendo un rol cada vez más importante como factor de riesgo, formando parte de entre 20%-25% de los cánceres de cabeza y cuello. Al enfrentarse a un paciente con masa cervical es importante realizar una completa anamnesis y examen físico acucioso para detectar cualquier elemento sugerente de malignidad. Se debe complementar con nasofibroscopía para visualizar estructuras que no alcanzan a evaluarse en el examen habitual. También se puede orientar la búsqueda del primario desconocido en base a los patrones de drenaje linfático. Dentro del estudio complementario se puede comenzar con una tomografía computada (TC) y se puede considerar también el ultrasonido o un PET/TC. Si con esto aún no se logra definir el primario, continuar con una punción aspirativa con aguja fina (PAAF), luego biopsia core que consiste en tomar una muestra del centro de la lesión guiada por ecografía, si fuese necesario, incluyendo inmunohistoquímica para VPH; ambos estudios histológicos son preferibles en vez de una biopsia abierta debido al menor riesgo de diseminación y complicaciones. El siguiente paso incluye estudio endoscópico y biopsias bajo anestesia. El tratamiento de los pacientes con MCCPD, va a depender de factores relacionados con el estadio de la enfermedad: desde cirugía o radioterapia (RT) únicas, cirugía más RT, y en algunos casos quimioterapia. Se recomienda seguimiento clínico frecuente durante los primeros años y con imágenes dentro de los 6 primeros meses postratamiento.

Abstract In adults, a cervical mass detected by physical examination or an imaging study may be the only manifestation of cancer from the head and neck. A delay in the diagnosis affects the prognosis of the disease, so there must be a high index of suspicion. Cervical metastases from unknown primary tumor (CUP) are metastatic tumors in which the diagnostic study failed to identify the primary site of cancer, with predominantly squamous histology. According to some studies, the most frequent origin was the oropharynx, including palatine tonsil and tongue base. Known risk factors are advanced ages, tobacco and alcohol consumption. Currently, human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is playing an increasingly important role as a risk factor, being the cause of between 20-25% of cancers of the head and neck. When confronting a patient with cervical mass it is important to carry out a complete anamnesis and a thorough physical examination to detect any element suggestive of malignancy. Physical examination could be complemented with a flexible nasal endoscopic to evaluate structures that can not be evaluated in the habitual examination. The search for the unknown primary can also be oriented based on lymphatic drainage patterns. Within the complementary evaluations, one can start with a study of images such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast, and also could consider ultrasound or PET/CT. If the primary can not be defined yet, fine needle aspiration (FNAP) can be the next choice and then a core biopsy that consisting of taking a sample from the center of the ultrasound-guided lesion, if necessary, including immunohistochemistry for HPV; both histological studies are preferable to an open biopsy because of the lower risk of complications. The next step searching for the primary includes endoscopic study and biopsies under anesthesia. Regarding to the management of patients with CUP, it will depend on factors related to the stage of the disease: from surgery or radiotherapy (RT) only, surgery and RT, and in some cases chemotherapy. Frequent clinical follow-up is recommended during the first years and images within the first 6 months after treatment.

Carcinoma escamoso epicraneal metastásico con invasión parenquimatosa cerebral, a propósito de un caso / Metastatic epicranial squamous carcinoma with parenchymal brain invasion, apropos of a case

RESUMEN A nivel mundial se estiman que cada año se diagnostican aproximadamente 650 000 nuevos casos de cáncer escamoso de cabeza y cuello. Ocasionan 300 000 muertes y dos tercios de estos casos se originan en países en vías de desarrollo. Se presentó un caso de un paciente atendido en consulta a causa de crecimiento acelerado de la región frontotemporoparietal derecha, acompañado de sintomatología neurológica correspondiente a una afección funcional de los lóbulos parietal y temporal derecho. Se le realizó exámenes imagenológicos y biopsia por punción de la lesión, lo que arrojó un carcinoma escamoso como variedad histológica de la tumoración (AU).

ABSTRACT It is thought that around 650 000 new cases of head and neck squamous tumors are diagnosed in the world every year. They cause 300 000 deaths and two thirds of these cases are originated in developing countries. We presented the case of a patient who assisted the consultation due to the fast growth of the right frontotemporal parietal region, accompanied with neurological symptomatology corresponding to a functional disorder of the right parietal and temporal lobes. Imaging studies and a biopsy by lesion puncture were performed. It showed a squamous carcinoma as histological variant of the tumor (AU).

Cáncer de pulmón diagnosticado mediante ecoendoscopia transesofágica y biopsia por punción con aguja fina / Lung cancer diagnosed by transesophageal ecoendoscopy and fine needle aspiration biopsy

El cáncer de pulmón es la principal causa de muerte por cáncer en todo el mundo. Los nódulos pulmonares ubicados en proximidad al mediastino, retrocardíacos, cercanos a grandes vasos o por delante de la columna vertebral pueden resultar de difícil acceso por vía percutánea o broncoscópica. La punción aspiración/biopsia con aguja fina guiada por ecoendoscopía transesofágica (EUS-FNA/FNB) es un método mini invasivo con baja morbilidad que permitiría acceder a estas localizaciones. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con nódulo pulmonar solitario, en el que se obtuvo el diagnóstico de cáncer de pulmón mediante EUS-FNA/FNB.

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Pulmonary nodules located in the vicinity of the mediastinum, retrocardiac, near the aorta or pulmonary vessels, and in front of the spine, may be difficult to access through a percutaneous or bronchoscopic approach. Fine needle aspiration/biopsy guided by transesophageal echoendoscopy (EUS-FNA/FNB) is a minimally invasive method with low morbidity that could allow access to lesions in these places. We present the case of a patient with a solitary pulmonary nodule, in which the diagnosis of lung cancer was obtained by EUS-FNA/FNB.

Profile of Laryngeal Microsurgeries in Patients Over 60 Years Old

Abstract Introduction The increase in life expectancy is an incentive to the development of researches with the elderly population aiming at actions that may ensure healthy and active aging. Objective To analyze the profile of laryngeal microsurgery performed in patients > 60 years old. Methods A retrospective observational study, with a cross-sectional design. A retrospective analysis of the medical records of elderly patients submitted to laryngeal microsurgery was performed at a private hospital in Curitiba, state of Paraná, Brazil, between January 2004 and December 2016. Were included all of the patients > 60 years old that underwent laryngeal microsurgery during this period. Results During the studied period, 213 laryngeal microsurgeries were performed in 181 patients > 60 years old. There was a preponderance of male patients. The mean age was 67.6 years old. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was the most prevalent disorder (26%), followed by Reinke edema (20%), papillomatosis (14%), polyps (11%), leukoplakia (8%), minor structural alterations (8%), associated lesions (9%), and others (4%). Men presented a higher probability of SCC diagnosis, regardless of the age group, while Reinke edema was more frequently observed in women. A directly proportional relation between the frequency of laryngeal cancer and age increase was also observed. No significant differences were observed in professional voice users. Conclusion Further researches are required to properly comprehend the factors associ- ated with laryngeal lesions and determine prevention and treatment approaches.

Fadiga em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço em tratamento radioterápico: estudo prospectivo / Fatigue in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiation therapy: a prospective study / Fatiga en pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello en tratamiento radioterápico: estudio prospectivo

Objetivo identificar a frequência do sintoma de fadiga e domínios afetados nos pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço em tratamento radioterápico, no início, meio e final do tratamento. Método estudo com delineamento quase experimental de corte longitudinal e prospectivo, envolvendo 60 pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço. Destaca-se que este artigo somente abordará os dados do Grupo Controle. As variáveis dependentes foram coletadas por meio de entrevista, utilizando a Escala de Fadiga de Piper - revisada, cujo instrumento multidimensional avalia os domínios global, comportamental, afetivo e sensorial/psicológico. A análise dos dados baseou-se em frequências absolutas e relativas. Resultados houve predomínio do sexo masculino, faixa etária de 41-60 anos, baixa escolaridade e em uso regular de álcool e cigarro. Todos os domínios da escala de fadiga tiveram seus escores aumentados, apresentando valores medianos de maior magnitude em Tempo 2 e Tempo 3, quando comparados aos valores em Tempo 1, indicando aumento nos níveis de fadiga no decorrer do tratamento radioterápico. Conclusão o sintoma de fadiga aumentou no decorrer do tratamento radioterápico, tendo todos os domínios afetados, com isso, ressalta-se a importância da avaliação ao longo do tratamento, por se tratar de um sintoma frequente e debilitante aos pacientes oncológicos.

Objective to identify the frequency of fatigue and domains affected in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiation therapy, at the beginning, middle and end of treatment. Method longitudinal and prospective study of quasi-experimental design, involving 60 patients with head and neck cancer. It should be highlighted that this article will address only the data of the Control Group. The dependent variables were collected through interview, using the revised Piper Fatigue Scale, which is a multidimensional instrument that assesses global, behavioral, affective and sensory/psychological domains. Data analysis was based on absolute and relative frequencies. Results there was a predominance of males, age group between 41-60 years, low level of education and in regular use of alcohol and cigarettes. All domains in the fatigue scale had their scores increased, presenting median values of greater magnitude in Time 2 and Time 3, when compared to the Time 1 values, indicating an increase in fatigue levels during radiation therapy. Conclusion fatigue increased in the course of the radiation therapy, having all domains affected. Therefore, its evaluation throughout the treatment is important, as fatigue is a common and debilitating symptom on cancer patients.

Objetivo identificar la frecuencia del síntoma de la fatiga y los dominios afectados en los pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello en tratamiento radioterápico, al inicio, medio y fin del tratamiento. Método estudio con diseño cuasiexperimental de corte longitudinal y prospectivo, que contó con la participación de 60 pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello. Se resalta que este artículo se limitará a abordar los datos del Grupo Control. Las variables dependientes se recopilaron por medio de entrevista, y la fatiga se valoró con la Escala de Fatiga de Piper (revisada), cuyo instrumento multidimensional valora los dominios global, comportamental, afectivo y sensorial/psicológico. El análisis de los datos se basó en frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados hubo predominio del sexo masculino, franja etaria entre 41 y 60 años, baja escolaridad y uso de alcohol y tabaco de forma regular. Todos los dominios de la escala de la fatiga tuvieron sus puntuaciones aumentadas, y presentaron valores medianos de mayor magnitud en Tiempo 2 y Tiempo 3, cuando se comparan con los valores en Tiempo 1, lo que indica un aumento en los niveles de fatiga en el transcurso del tratamiento radioterápico. Conclusión el síntoma de fatiga aumentó durante el tratamiento radioterápico, y todos los dominios se vieron afectados, con lo que se resalta la importancia de realizar la valoración a lo largo del tratamiento, por tratarse de un síntoma frecuente y que debilita a los pacientes oncológicos.

Momento de inicio de radioterapia posoperatoria como factor pronóstico en pacientes con cáncer de laringe avanzado / Time to initiation of postoperative radiotherapy as a prognostic factor in patients with advanced laryngeal cancer

RESUMEN Introducción: Dentro de los factores que juegan un rol en la supervivencia y recidiva de enfermedad de los pacientes con cáncer laríngeo escamoso operados se encuentra el tiempo de inicio de la radioterapia (RT) posoperatoria. Objetivo: Determinar el impacto del retraso de inicio de RT posoperatoria en la supervivencia y recidiva de enfermedad en pacientes con cáncer de laringe escamoso avanzado operado. Material y método: Estudio tipo cohorte retrospectiva. Recolección de datos mediante revisión de fichas clínicas. Análisis de supervivencia y recidiva de enfermedad mediante el método de Kaplan-Meier, comparación de curvas con prueba de Log-Rank y modelo de regresión de Cox para análisis de factores pronósticos. Resultados: El tiempo de espera entre la cirugía y el inicio de la RT en nuestras realidades hospitalarias fueron 11 semanas. La supervivencia específica a 5 años en los pacientes que comienzan la RT ≤6 semanas desde la cirugía es de 33,3% y disminuye a 20% en aquellos que la comienzan >6 semanas (p =0,20). Conclusión: Los pacientes que inician la RT en más de 6 semanas desde la cirugía no presentan una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el pronóstico.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Among the factors that play a role in the survival and recurrence of disease of patients with operated squamous laryngeal cancer is the time to initiation of postoperative radiotherapy (RT). Aim: To determine the impact of delayed onset of postoperative RT on survival and disease recurrence in patients with advanced operated squamous laryngeal cancer. Material and Method: Retrospective cohort study. Collection of data through review of clinical records. Analysis of survival and disease recurrence using the Kaplan-Meier method, comparison of curves with Log-Rank test and Cox regression model for analysis of prognostic factors. Results: The waiting time between surgery and the initiation of RT in our hospital realities was 11 weeks. The 5-year specific survival in patients who start RT ≤ 6 weeks after surgery is 33.3% and decreases to 20% in those who start > 6 weeks (p = 0.20). Conclusion: Patients who start RT in more than 6 weeks after surgery do not present a statistically significant difference in prognosis.

Radiotherapy modulates expression of EGFR, ERCC1 and p53 in cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is a public health problem and the molecular mechanisms underlying radioresistance are still poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the modulation of key molecules involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle and DNA repair in cervical cancer cell lines (CASKI and C33A) and in malignant tissues biopsied from 10 patients before and after radiotherapy. The expression patterns of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) and p53 were evaluated in cancer cell lines by quantitative PCR and western blotting, and in human malignant tissues by immunohistochemistry. The mutation status of TP53 gene was evaluated by direct sequencing. Among cell lines, absent or weak modulations of EGFR, ERCC1 and p53 were observed after exposure to 1.8 Gy. Conversely, increased expressions of p53 (5/10 patients; P=0.0239), ERCC1 (5/10 patients; P=0.0294) and EGFR (4/10 patients; P=0.1773) were observed in malignant tissues after radiotherapy with the same radiation dose. TP53 mutations were found only in one patient. Here we show that a single dose of radiotherapy induced EGFR, ERCC1 and p53 expression in malignant tissues from cervical cancer patients but not in cancer cell lines, highlighting the gap between in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Studies on larger patient cohorts are needed to allow an interpretation that an upregulation of p53, EGFR and ERCC1 may be part of a radioresistance mechanism.

Oncological results of surgical treatment versus organ-function preservation in larynx and hypopharynx câncer / Resultado oncológico de tratamento cirúrgico versus protocolo de preservação de órgão em câncer de laringe e hipofaringe

Summary Introduction: Since the beginning of the 1990s, non-surgical radiochemotherapy treatment has become popular with the prospect of maintaining oncological results and preserving the organ in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx. However, subsequent studies demonstrated increased recurrence and mortality after the non-surgical treatment became popular. Objective: To compare the oncological results of surgical and non-surgical treatments of patients with larynx and hypopharynx cancer and to evaluate the variables associated with disease recurrence. Method: This is a retrospective cohort study of 134 patients undergoing surgical (total or partial laryngectomy) or non-surgical (isolated radiotherapy, chemotherapy or induction chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy) treatment, with 62 patients in the surgical group and 72 in the non-surgical group. Results: Disease-free survival rates were higher in the surgical group (81.7% vs. 62.2%; p=0.028), especially in III/IV stages (p=0.018), locally advanced tumors T3 and T4a (p=0.021) and N0/N1 cases (p=0.005). The presence of cervical lymph nodes, especially N2/N3, was considered a risk factor for disease recurrence in both groups (HR=11.82; 95CI 3.42-40.88; p<0.0001). Patients not undergoing surgical treatment were 3.8 times more likely to develop recurrence (HR=3.76; 95CI 1.27-11.14; p=0.039). Conclusion: Patients with larynx or hypopharynx cancer non-surgically treated had a poorer disease-free survival, especially in cases with locally advanced tumors (T3 and T4a) and in which the neck was only slightly affected (N0/N1).

Resumo Introdução: A partir de estudos do início dos anos 1990, popularizou-se o tratamento não cirúrgico com radioquimioterapia, com a perspectiva de manutenção do resultado oncológico e preservação do órgão em pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular avançado de laringe e hipofaringe. Entretanto, estudos posteriores demonstraram aumento da recorrência e da mortalidade com a difusão do tratamento não cirúrgico. Objetivo: Comparar o resultado oncológico dos tratamentos cirúrgico e não cirúrgico de pacientes com câncer de laringe e hipofaringe e avaliar as variáveis associadas à recidiva de doença. Método: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva de pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico (laringectomia total ou parcial) e não cirúrgico (radioterapia isolada, radioterapia concomitante a quimioterapia ou quimioterapia de indução seguida de radioterapia e quimioterapia) de 134 pacientes, sendo 62 no grupo cirúrgico e 72 no não cirúrgico. Resultados: As taxas de sobrevivência livre de doença foram maiores no grupo cirúrgico (81,7% vs. 62,2%; p=0,028), principalmente em estádios III/IV (p=0,018), tumores localmente avançados T3 e T4a (p=0,021) e casos N0/N1 (p=0,005). A presença de linfonodos cervicais, principalmente N2/N3, foi considerada fator de risco para recidiva de doença nos dois grupos (HR=11,82; IC95% 3,42-40,88; p<0,0001). Pacientes não submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico apresentaram 3,8 vezes mais chance de desenvolvimento de recidiva (HR=3,76; IC95% 1,27-11,14; p=0,017). Conclusão: Pacientes com câncer de laringe ou hipofaringe tratados de forma não cirúrgica tiveram menor sobrevivência livre de doença, especialmente nos tumores localmente avançados (T3 e T4a) e com pescoço pouco comprometido (N0/N1).

Carotid blowout syndrome in patients treated by larynx cancer / Síndrome da ruptura da artéria carótida em pacientes tratados para câncer de laringe

Abstract Introduction: Carotid blowout syndrome is an uncommon complication for patient treated by head and neck tumors, and related to a high mortality rate. Objective: The aim of this study was to study the risk of carotid blowout in a large cohort of patients treated only by larynx cancer. Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients older than 18 years, treated by larynx cancer who developed a carotid blowout syndrome in a tertiary academic centre. Results: 197 patients met the inclusion criteria, 192 (98.4%) were male and 5 (1.6%) were female. 6 (3%) patients developed a carotid blowout syndrome, 4 patients had a carotid blowout syndrome located in the internal carotid artery and 2 in the common carotid artery. According to the type of rupture, 3 patients suffer a type I, 2 patients a type III and 1 patient a type II. Five of those patients had previously undergone radiotherapy and all patients underwent total laryngectomy. We found a statistical correlation between open surgical procedures (p = 0.004) and radiotherapy (p = 0.023) and the development of a carotid blowout syndrome. Conclusion: Carotid blowout syndrome is an uncommon complication in patients treated by larynx tumours. According to our results, patient underwent radiotherapy and patients treated with open surgical procedures with pharyngeal opening have a major risk to develop this kind of complication.

Resumo Introdução: A síndrome da ruptura da carótida é uma complicação incomum no paciente em tratamento para tumores de cabeça e pescoço, relacionada com uma alta taxa de mortalidade. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi estudar o risco de ruptura da carótida em uma grande coorte de pacientes tratados isoladamente por um câncer de laringe. Método: Análise retrospectiva de pacientes com mais de 18 anos, tratados por câncer de laringe em um centro de assistência terciária, que desenvolveram a síndrome da ruptura da carótida. Resultados: Ao todo, 197 pacientes atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, 192 (98,4%) eram do sexo masculino e 5 (1,6%) eram do sexo feminino. 6 (3%) desenvolveram síndrome da ruptura da carótida, 4 tiveram síndrome da ruptura da carótida localizada na artéria carótida interna e 2 na artéria carótida comum. De acordo com o tipo de ruptura, 3 pacientes apresentaram síndrome da ruptura da carótida tipo I, 2 pacientes, síndrome da ruptura da carótida Tipo III e um tipo II. Cinco desses pacientes haviam sido previamente tratados com radioterapia e todos os pacientes foram submetidos a laringectomia total. Encontrou-se uma correlação estatística entre procedimentos cirúrgicos abertos (p = 0,004) e radioterapia (p = 0,023) e o desenvolvimento de síndrome da ruptura da carótida. Conclusão: A síndrome de ruptura da carótida é uma complicação rara em pacientes tratados para tumores de laringe. De acordo com nossos resultados, pacientes submetidos a radioterapia e pacientes tratados com procedimentos cirúrgicos abertos com abertura da faringe apresentam um risco maior de desenvolver essa complicação.

Carcinoma epidermoide de la lengua: presentación de un caso / Epidermoid carcinoma of the tongue: report of a case

El carcinoma epidermoide es el cáncer bucal más frecuente que representamás de 90% de todos los tipos de cáncer de la cavidad oral. Se presenta el caso de masculino de 41 años de edad con un carcinoma epidermoide de rápida evolución a nivel de la lengua. Se observó una estomatosis localizada en el borde izquierdo de la lengua caracterizada por una neoformación de bordes elevados indurados, centro ulcerado, de 2 cm de diámetro y friable. Se detectaron adenomegalias del lado izquierdo de 2 cm. El paciente refería dolor a nivel del cuello y a niveldel oído izquierdo. Fumaba hasta dos cajetillas de cigarros al día. El estudio histopatológico reveló un carcinoma epidermoide ulcerado, invasor con áreas moderadamente poco diferenciadas. Se inició tratamientocon radioterapia 25 sesiones y quimioterapia con cisplatino. Se determinó mala tolerancia y respuesta al tratamiento establecido, por lo que éste se suspendió y se optó por tratamientos paliativos. La evolución del paciente fue tórpida y falleció a los 10 meses del diagnóstico. Las neoplasias de la cavidad oral son relativamente poco frecuentes, pero la letalidad alcanza hasta 78 por ciento entre las neoplasias de las vías aerodigestivas superiores y se diagnostican en etapas avanzadasen 65 por ciento de los casos. La prevención es fundamental, sobre todo la supresión del tabaquismo.

Epidermoid carcinoma is the most frequent oral cancer (90% of alloral cancer). We present the case of a 41-year-old man with oralcancer on the tongue. The lesion was localized on the left side of thetongue and was characterized by an ulcerated tumor with induratedborders, 2 cm of diameter. Lymph node metastasis was detected onthe neck. The patient had left ear pain and also a pain in the neck.He smoked two packs of cigarettes per day. The histopathologic studyrevealed an epidermoid carcinoma with poor and well-diff erentiatedareas. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy with cisplatin on were started.The patient did not tolerate and had a poor response, so the treatmentwas suspended. The patient died 10 months after the diagnosis. Oralcarcinoma is not frequent but the mortality is high, 78%, between thecarcinomas of the aerodigestive tract and frequently it is diagnosedwhen in advanced stages in 65% of the cases. The most important arethe prevention, mostly, tobacco consumption.

Manejo del cáncer de cabeza y cuello: ¿radioterapia a quién, cuándo y por qué? / Management of head and neck cancer: when, why, and to whom give radiotherapy

Revisión del enfrentamiento del paciente con cáncer escamoso de la vía aerodigestiva superior, orientada a la radioterapia. Las principales alternativas de tratamiento para los pacientes con cáncer escamoso de cabeza y cuello son la cirugía y la radioterapia (RT). La planificación del tratamiento debe considerar el tumor primario y la diseminación linfática cervical. La enfermedad subclínica es significativa en este grupo de pacientes. Cuando ésta es mayor a 20%, la disección cervical electiva ha mostrado mejorar la sobrevida libre de enfermedad y la sobrevida global. La RT por Intensidad Modulada (IMRT) permite mayor protección de los tejidos vecinos. El fenómeno de repoblación acelerada implica que dosis insuficientes o períodos largos de interrupción traducen persistencia o recidiva tumoral. Por esta razón, la adyuvancia con RT debe iniciarse precozmente. Para esto, es fundamental una evaluación dental oportuna. Los efectos adversos de la RT se dividen en agudos y tardíos, pudiendo estos últimos presentarse meses o años posterior a la terapia. Los pacientes con indicación de RT deben ser derivados tempranamente y con previa evaluación dental. La IMRT es una excelente herramienta terapéutica cuando es correctamente indicada y aplicada. Los principales beneficios en relación a la cirugía son menor morbilidad y mejor costo-efectividad por lo que suele ser la terapia de elección en enfermedad localizada y una alternativa a la disección cervical electiva.

Radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: review of management. Head and neck cancer treatment includes several treatment options. Surgery and radiotherapy are the most important local treatments. When planning the local treatment, the choices for the primary tumor, and the lymphatic spread to the neck must be considered. Subclinical metastatic disease to the neck is present in about 20% of patients, and can be controlled equally with surgery or radiation therapy. In a randomized trial, elective neck dissection has been shown to improve disease-free, and overall survival when compared with observation and salvage. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) allows a better sparing of normal tissues in the neck, and less morbidity from the treatment. Accelerated repopulation is a main determinant of poor local control in patients treated with radiotherapy who undergo treatment interruptions or a delay in its start. Thus, adjuvant radiotherapy must begin as early as possible, within six weeks of resection. Irradiated patients are at significant risk of dental complications, even when IMRT is used. That makes mandatory a dental evaluation and treatment prior to radiotherapy. Adverse radiation effects can occur during treatment (early reactions), or months to years after completion (late reactions). Patients with indication of radiotherapy must be referred early, preferably after dental evaluation. IMRT is an excellent tool when correctly indicated and uses. Main benefits of elective neck irradiation are less morbidity and higher cosst-effectiveness, making it a very useful treatment alternative to elective neck dissection in patients with localized disease.

Carcinoma escamoso primario de órbita / Primary orbital squamous cell carcinoma

El carcinoma escamoso primario de órbita es una entidad poco frecuente. Hay escasa literatura publicada al respecto. Presentamos un caso de carcinoma escamoso primario de los tejidos blandos de la órbita. La resección quirúrgica ofrecía el mejor tratamiento para esta paciente. Se realizó un abordaje cráneo-facial y se logró la resección completa de la lesión. La paciente recibió radioterapia adyuvante debido a la proximidad de la lesión a los márgenes quirúrgicos. El tratamiento quirúrgico es factible y debe ser considerado como parte del arsenal del cirujano. Sin embargo, las decisiones terapéuticas deben tomarse teniendo en cuenta las particularidades de cada caso.

Primary orbital squamous cell carcinoma is a rare entity. There is little published literature. We report a case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the orbital soft tissues. Surgical resection offered the best treatment for the patient. Complete resection of the lesion was achieved. The patient received adjuvant radiotherapy due to the proximity of the lesion to the surgical margins. Surgical treatment is feasible and should be considered as part of the surgeon´s arsenal. However, therapeutic decisions must be made on a case-by-case basis.

Neoplasias malignas em região de cabeça e pescoço: perfil dos pacientes atendidos na UFMG / Neoplasias malignas en la cabeza y el cuello: perfil de pacientes atendidos en la UFMG / Malignancies in the head and neck: profile of patients seen at UFMG

Introdução: no Brasil, a mortalidade por doenças crônico-degenerativas vem mostrando uma ascensão progressiva, destacando-se as neoplasias malignas como a segunda causa de morte. O câncer bucal possui uma predominância em países em desenvolvimento, em especial na classe social com níveis socioeconômicos mais baixos. Objetivo: verificar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes submetidos à radioterapia/quimioterapia e atendidos na Faculdade de Odontologia da UFMG. Métodos: consistiu de um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo do tipo transversal. Foram analisados todos os registros dos pacientes atendidos no projeto de extensão: Atendimento de suporte odontológico ao paciente portador de neoplasia maligna e irradiado em região de cabeça e pescoço, no intervalo de 2005 a 2104. Após a coleta, as informações foram digitadas e organizadas em base do programa R versão 3.0.3. Resultados: dos 458 registros analisados entre 2005 e 2014, 351 (76,6 por cento) corresponderam a indivíduos do sexo masculino e 107 (23,4 por cento), do sexo feminino, com 55,57 (± 12,2) anos de média de idade. Verificou-se que o carcinoma de células escamosas foi o mais prevalente com 334 (73,2 por cento) dos casos. Em relação à localização do tumor, a cavidade oral apareceu com 193 (43,0 por cento) dos casos, já os tumores localizados em faringe e laringe, foram 156 (34,7 por cento). Em relação ao tratamento, a radioterapia foi realizada em 409 (89,7 por cento) dos pacientes, já a quimioterapia foi realizada em 237 (52,7 por cento) dos casos. Ao analisar as complicações pós-radioterapia, foram registrados 144 (32,6 por cento) casos de mucosite, 76 (17,2 por cento) de candidíase e apenas 40 (10,6 por cento) de osteorradionecrose. Conclusão: houve uma maior prevalência de pacientes do sexo masculino, com a sexta década de vida, como a mais acometida, sendo expressivo o número de casos em que o tratamento preconizado foi a radio e quimioterapia. O tipo de Câncer mais frequente foi o de células escamosas, localizados principalmente na cavidade oral e a complicação pós-radioterápica mais encontrada foi a mucosite(AU)

Introducción: en Brasil, la mortalidad por enfermedades crónicas ha mostrado un aumento progressivo; se destacan las neoplasias malignas como la segunda causa principal de muerte. El cáncer oral tiene un predominio en los países en desarrollo, sobre todo en la clase social con niveles socioeconómicos más bajos. Objetivo: verificar el perfil epidemiológico de los pacientes sometidos a radioterapia/ quimioterapia atendidos en la Facultad de Odontología de la UFMG. Métodos: consistió en un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo de corte transversal. Se analizaron todos los registros de los pacientes atendidos en el proyecto de extensión: Apoyo y cuidado dental para los pacientes con neoplasias malignas e irradiado en la cabeza y el cuello desde el 2005 a 2104. Después de la recolección de datos, se introdujo la información y se organizó sobre la base del programa R versión 3.0.3. Resultados: de los 458 expedientes analizados entre 2005 y 2014, 351 (76,6 por ciento) correspondieron a hombres y 107 (23,4 por ciento) a mujeres, con una media de 55,57 (± 12,2) años de edad. Se encontró que el carcinoma de células escamosas prevaleció en 334 (73,2 por ciento) casos. En cuanto a la ubicación del tumor, la cavidad oral apareció con 193 (43, 0 por ciento) de los casos, ya que los tumores localizados en la faringe y la laringe fueron 156 (34,7 por ciento). Respecto al tratamiento, la radioterapia se realizó en 409 (89,7 por ciento) pacientes, ya que la quimioterapia se efectuó en 237 (52,7 por ciento) casos. Mediante el análisis de las complicaciones posradiación, hubo 144 (32,6 por ciento) casos de mucositis, 76 (17,2 por ciento) de candidiasis y solo 40 (10,6 por ciento) de osteorradionecrosis. Conclusiones: hubo una mayor prevalencia de pacientes del sexo masculino, y la sexta década de la vida fue la más afectada, con un número significativo de casos en que el paciente fue tratado con la radiación y la quimioterapia. El tipo más frecuente de cáncer en la boca fue de células escamosas, siendo la mucositis bucal la complicación más frequente posradioterapia(AU)

Introduction: in Brazil, the mortality from chronic diseases has shown a progressive rise, highlighting the malignant neoplasms as the second leading cause of death. The oral cancer is predominant in developing countries, particularly in lower socioeconomic sectors. Objective: to verify the epidemiological profile of patients undergoing radiotherapy/chemotherapy and treated at the dental school of UFMG. Methods: retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study. All the medical records of patients seen in the extension project "Support and dental care for patients with malignant and irradiated tumor in the head and the neck" were analyzed from 2005 to 2014. After data collection, they were entered and organized according to R program version 3.0.3. Results: out of 458 records analyzed in the period of 2005 through 2014, three hundred and fifty one (76.6 percent) and 107 (23.4 percent) belonged to males and females, respectively, with mean age of 55.57 (± 12.2). It was found that the squamous cell carcinoma was prevailing in 334 (73. 2 percent) cases. Regarding the location of the tumor, the oral cavity comprised 193 (43.0 percent) cases, since the tumors located in the pharynx and the larynx were present in 156 (34.7 percent). In terms of treatment, radiotherapy was performed in 409 (89.7 percent) patients and chemotherapy in 237 (52.7 percent) cases. By analyzing the post-radiation complications, there were found 144 (32.6 percent) cases of mucositis, 76 (17.2 percent) candidiasis and just 40 (10.6 percent) osteoradionecrosis. Conclusions: malignant neoplasms show higher prevalence in male patients and the 60 year age group was the most affected, with a significant number of patients treated with radiation and chemotherapy. The most frequent type of oral cancer was the squamous cell cancer, being mucositis the most frequent oral complication after treatment(AU)

Tratamiento no quirúrgico en cáncer epidermoide de orofaringe avanzado: análisis de resultados oncológicos en función del subsitio tumoral y fraccionamiento de radioterapia / Nonsurgical treatment in advanced oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer

Objetivo: Reportar resultados de nuestro protocolo de radioquimioterapia concomitante exclusiva en el cáncer de orofaringe avanzado. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo que incluyó 87 pacientes. Se realizó radioterapia concomitante con cisplatino semanal. Se aceptó la realización de fraccionamiento convencional (FC), hiperfraccionamiento (Hfx) o fraccionamiento acelerado tipo boost concomitante (FABC). Se revisó la sobrevida global (SG), sobrevida libre de enfermedad (SLE), sobrevida libre de recidiva local (SLRL) y regional (SLRR) según subsitio y fraccionamiento. Resultados: Ingresaron 87 pacientes. Mediana de seguimiento: 120 meses. El 53, 30 y 17% recibieron FC, FABC y Hfx respectivamente. La SG a 2, 5 y 10 años fue de un 73, 61 y 43% respectivamente. La SG a 5 años según subsitio anatómico fue: amígdala 74%, paladar blando 33%, base de lengua 33%, y pared faríngea posterior 33%. Al comparar la SG de amígdala versus otros subsitios se alcanza una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,001). La mediana de SG para amígdala no fue alcanzada, mientras que en otros subsitios fue de 22 meses. La SLE fue diferente en los distintos subsitios, superior en amígdala y diferente entre los distintos fraccionamientos, a favor de Hfx, alcanzando diferencias significativas. Las mismas tendencias se demostraron en SLRL y SLRR. Observamos un 23% de segundos primarios, siendo el pulmón el sitio más frecuente. Conclusión: La radioterapia concomitante con cisplatino semanal es un tratamiento adecuado para el cáncer de orofaringe. Ofrece excelentes resultados en cáncer de amígdala, especialmente con fraccionamiento modificado. Para los otros subsitios nos parece recomendable explorar nuevas estrategias de tratamiento.

Objective: To report results of our concomitant radiochemotherapy protocol for advanced oropharyngeal cancer. Materials and methods: Retrospective study. Concomitant radiochemotherapy was performed with weekly cisplatin. Conventional fractionation (CF), hyperfractionation (Hfx) or accelerated fractionation with concomitant boost (FABC) were accepted. Overall survival (OS), Disease-free survival (RFS), Local relapse-free survival (LRFS) and Regional relapse-free survival (RRFS) were calculated, according subsite and radiotherapy fractionation. Results: We found 87 patients. Median follow-up: 120 months. 53%, 30% and 17% received FC, FABC, Hfx respectively. OS at 2, 5 and 10 years was 73%, 61% and 43% respectively. The 5-year OS was, by anatomic subsite: Tonsillar 74%, 33% soft palate, base of tongue 33%, and 33% for posterior pharyngeal wall. By comparing the OS in tonsil versus other subsites we found statistically significant difference in favor of tonsillar cancer (P < .001). Median OS for tonsillar cancer was not achieved, while in other subsites was 22 months. DFS was different in different subsites, better for amygdala and different among different fractionations, better for Hfx, reaching significant differences. The same trends were demonstrated in LRFS and RRFS. We observed a 23% of second cancers, being lung the most common site. Conclusion: Concomitant radiotherapy with weekly cisplatin is an appropriate treatment for oropharyngeal cancer. It provides excellent outcomes in tonsillar cancer, especially with modified fractionation and Hfx type. For other subsites it seems advisable to explore a new treatment approach.

Valor prognóstico de polimorfismos nos genes de reparo do DNA XRCC3 E RAD51 em pacientes com carcinoma epidermóide oral e de orofaringe / Prognostic value of polymorphisms of DNA repair gene RAD51 XRCC3 and in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and oropharyngeal

Falhas nos genes responsáveis por reparos no DNA podem influenciar no surgimento de câncer ou afetar a resposta aos tratamentos. Estudos têm demonstrado que a variação na capacidade de reparo do DNA pode ser resultado de polimorfismos funcionais nestes genes, e alguns destes experimentos sugerem que a presença de polimorfismos de nucleotídeos simples (SNPs), em genes de reparo, está relacionada ao desenvolvimento e resposta ao tratamento de vários cânceres, incluindo o Carcinoma Epidermoide Oral (CEO) e o Carcinoma Epidermoide de Orofaringe (CEOR). Nesta pesquisa avaliou-se a frequência de três SNPs em dois genes de reparo do DNA RAD51 172G>T (c.-61 G>T, rs1801321), RAD51 135G>C (c.-98 G>C, rs1801320) e XRCC3 T241M (c. 722 C>T, rs861539) em indivíduos saudáveis (n=130) e indivíduos com CEO e CEOR (n=126) e investigou-se possíveis relações de tais achados com os desfechos clínicos: resposta tumoral ao tratamento com radioterapia e quimioterapia, recidiva, e sobrevida global. Constatou-se frequência alélica e genotípica em equilíbrio. A presença dos SNPs analisados não revelou ser um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de CEO ou CEOR; contudo, quando associado ao hábito de fumar ou beber, aumentou o risco de desenvolver o câncer de três a cento e cinquenta vezes (p<000,1). A resposta tumoral ao tratamento de radioterapia e quimioterapia foi semelhante nos pacientes com ou sem SNPs. Nenhum polimorfismo demonstrou significância estatística em relação à sobrevida livre de recidiva ou sobrevida global. Os genótipos AA e AC do SNP rs861539 no gene XRCC3, os genótipos CC e CG do SNP rs1801320 e GG e GT do SNP 1801321 no gene RAD51, aumentam o risco do desenvolvimento de carcinoma epidermoide oral e de orofaringe, quando associados ao hábito de beber ou fumar. Os polimorfismos estudados nos genes XRCC3 e RAD51 não estão associados à resposta à radioterapia, sobrevida livre de recidiva ou sobrevida global

Faults in the genes responsible for repairs to the DNA can influence the onset of cancer or affect the response to treatment. This research evaluated the frequency of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two repair genes DNA RAD51 172g> T (rs1801321), RAD51 135G> C (rs1801320) and XRCC3 T241M (rs861539) in individuals without cancer (n = 130) and patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSC) and carcinoma oropharyngeal squamous (ORSC) (n = 126) and investigated possible relationships of these findings with clinical and pathological data and clinical outcomes: tumor response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, disease-free survival, and overall survival. It was found that the allele and genotype frequencies were in equilibrium Hard-Weinberg equilibrium. The presence of at least one polymorphic allele in XRCC3 (rs861539) gene is associated with histological grade (WHO) higher (p = 0.007). We observed a higher recurrence rate trend (p = 0.08) and more advanced stage (p = 0.08) in the group that had at least one polymorphic allele of RAD51 gene (rs1801321). The presence of the analyzed SNPs not proved to be a risk factor for the development of CEO or CEOR; however, when combined with smoking or drinking, increased the risk of developing cancer from three to one hundred and fifty times. The tumor response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy was similar in patients with and without SNPs. No polymorphism showed statistical significance in relation to recurrence-free survival or overall survival. We conclude that the presence of at least one polymorphic allele of the SNPs rs861539 in XRCC3 gene, rs1801320 and rs1801321 in the RAD51 gene increase the risk of development of OSC and ORSC, when associated with the habit of drinking or smoking. Polymorphisms studied in XRCC3 and RAD51 genes are not associated with response to radiation therapy, relapse-free survival or overall survival

Carcinoma espinocelular del oído externo con extensión parotídea: a propósito de un caso / Squamous cell carcinoma of the external ear with parotid extension: case report

El pabellón auricular y el conducto auditivo externo constituyen una región anatómica que puede ser asiento de múltiples patologías, entre ellas procesos inflamatorios, infecciosos y neoplásicos, tanto benignos como malignos. Con respecto a los tumores, los diversos tipos suelen presentarse con síntomas y signos similares y en general es difícil inferir la variedad histológica del tumor a través del examen físico, por lo cual es necesario el estudio histopatológico para determinar el diagnóstico. La mayoría de los tumores del oído externo son carcinomas; entre ellos se destacan el carcinoma basocelular, el más frecuente, y el carcinoma espinocelular. Menos frecuentemente se encuentran otros tipos de tumores como los melanomas, adenocarcinomas, carcinomas de glándulas ceruminosas, carcinomas mucoepidermoides, sarcomas, procesos linfoproliferativos, etc. Suelen ocurrir en la edad media y avanzada (50-70 años) y con mayor periodicidad en el sexo masculino. En el presente trabajo se describe un caso clínico de carcinoma espinocelular del oído externo, tratado exitosamente mediante cirugía y radioterapia, así como también se describen las características clínicas de esta enfermedad, con especial atención al compromiso del oído externo por ella.

The pinna and the ear canal are an anatomical region that can be affected by many diseases, including inflammatory, infectious and benign and malignant neoplastic processes. With regard to tumors, various types usually present with similar symptoms and usually is very difficult to know the histological type through physical examination, so histopathological examination is necessary in order to determine the diagnosis. Most tumors are carcinomas; they can be basal cell carcinoma (more frequently), or squamous carcinoma. Less frequently are other types of tumors such as melanomas, adenocarcinomas, ceruminous glands carcinomas, mucoepidermoid carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphoproliferative disorders, etc. They usually present in middle and advanced age people (50-70 years) and are more frequently in men. In this article we present a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the external ear with extention to parotid gland, successfully treated with surgery and radiotherapy, as well as we describe the clinical characteristics of this disease, with special attention to the compromise of the external ear. (AU)

Partial laryngectomy in glottic cancer: complications and oncological results / Laringectomia parcial no câncer glótico: complicações e resultados oncológicos

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Most patients with laryngeal carcinoma present tumors in the glottis that can be treated by different treatment modalities. Some authors consider open partial laryngectomy as obsolete, while others still deem this as a viable and cost-efficient option. OBJECTIVES: To compare the oncological and functional results of a series of patients undergoing partial laryngectomy vs. external radiotherapy for the treatment of glottic cancer. METHODS: Historical cohort study with a series of glottic carcinoma patients undergoing partial laryngectomy or external radiotherapy during a period of ten years. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients with glottic carcinoma were included. Group A comprised those submitted to partial laryngectomy (n = 30), and Group B, those who underwent radiotherapy (n = 32). They were homogeneous in the comparison of mean age, 56.4 vs. 60.4 years (p = 0.12) and distribution in pathological stage (p = 0.91). With regard to oncological outcome, there were no differences in distant metastasis rates, or second primary tumor between groups (p = 1.0), as well as in disease-free time, laryngeal rescue-free time, and overall five-year survival. Severe complication rates were also similar between groups. CONCLUSION: Open partial laryngectomy had complication rates and oncological results similar to those of radiotherapy for patients with glottic carcinomas and should still be considered among the main available therapeutic options.

Resumo Introdução: A maioria dos pacientes com carcinoma de laringe apresentam tumores na região glótica suscetíveis a diferentes modalidades de tratamento. Alguns autores consideram a laringectomia parcial aberta em desuso enquanto outros ainda a indicam como uma opção viável e custo eficiente. Objetivos: Comparar os resultados oncológicos e funcionais de uma série de pacientes submetidos à laringectomia parcial versus radioterapia externa para o tratamento do câncer glótico. Método: Estudo tipo coorte histórica com uma série de pacientes com carcinoma glótico submetidos à laringectomia parcial ou radioterapia externa em período de 10 anos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 62 pacientes com carcinoma glótico distribuídos em Grupo A: submetido à laringectomia parcial (n = 30) e Grupo B submetido a radioterapia (n = 32) que se mostraram homogêneos na comparação de média de idade de 56,4 vs. 60,4 (p = 0,12) e distribuição em estadios patológicos (p = 0,91). Com relação ao desfecho oncológico, não foram observadas diferenças nas taxas de metástase à distancia, ou segundo primário entre os grupos (p = 1,0) assim como no tempo livre de doença, tempo livre de resgate laríngeo e sobrevida geral em 5 anos. As taxas de complicações severas também foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Conclusão: A laringectomia parcial aberta apresentou taxas de complicações e resultados oncológicos semelhante àqueles do tratamento radioterápico para pacientes com carcinomas glóticos e ainda deve ser considera entre as principais opções terapêuticas disponíveis.